Admin 后台

Django Admin 是 Django 最强大的功能之一，它可以根据模型自动生成功能完备的管理后台，让你可以快速管理网站数据。

基本配置

创建管理员账户

python manage.py createsuperuser

按提示输入用户名、邮箱和密码。

访问管理后台

启动开发服务器后，访问 /admin/ 即可进入管理后台。

注册模型

# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Post, Category, Tag


@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    pass


@admin.register(Category)
class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    pass


# 或使用简单注册
admin.site.register(Tag)

ModelAdmin 选项

列表显示

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # 列表显示字段
    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'category', 'status', 'publish', 'views']
    
    # 列表可点击排序字段
    list_display_links = ['title']
    
    # 列表可编辑字段
    list_editable = ['status']
    
    # 列表过滤
    list_filter = ['status', 'category', 'author', 'publish']
    
    # 搜索字段
    search_fields = ['title', 'content', 'author__username']
    
    # 日期层级导航
    date_hierarchy = 'publish'
    
    # 排序
    ordering = ['-publish']
    
    # 每页显示数量
    list_per_page = 20
    
    # 显示全部链接的最大数量
    list_max_show_all = 100
    
    # 外键自动完成
    autocomplete_fields = ['author', 'category']
    
    # 多对多水平显示
    filter_horizontal = ['tags']
    
    # 多对多垂直显示
    filter_vertical = ['tags']
    
    # 原始 ID 输入（适合大量数据的外键）
    raw_id_fields = ['author']

编辑表单

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # 表单字段
    fields = ['title', 'slug', 'content', 'status', 'category', 'tags']
    
    # 字段分组
    fieldsets = (
        ('基本信息', {
            'fields': ('title', 'slug', 'content')
        }),
        ('分类和标签', {
            'fields': ('category', 'tags'),
            'classes': ('collapse',),  # 可折叠
        }),
        ('发布设置', {
            'fields': ('status', 'author'),
            'description': '设置文章的发布状态',  # 描述文本
        }),
    )
    
    # 排除字段
    exclude = ['views']
    
    # 只读字段
    readonly_fields = ['views', 'publish', 'created', 'updated']
    
    # 保存按钮在顶部
    save_on_top = True
    
    # 保存为新的
    save_as = True
    
    # 保存为新的继续编辑
    save_as_continue = True
    
    # 预填充字段
    prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('title',)}

自定义列表显示

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'category', 'status', 'publish', 'view_count']
    
    def view_count(self, obj):
        """自定义列显示"""
        return f'{obj.views:,} 次阅读'
    view_count.short_description = '阅读量'
    view_count.admin_order_field = 'views'  # 可排序
    
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        """自定义查询集"""
        queryset = super().get_queryset(request)
        return queryset.select_related('author', 'category')
    
    def status_colored(self, obj):
        """带颜色的状态显示"""
        from django.utils.html import format_html
        colors = {
            'draft': 'gray',
            'published': 'green',
        }
        return format_html(
            '<span style="color: {};">{}</span>',
            colors.get(obj.status, 'black'),
            obj.get_status_display()
        )
    status_colored.short_description = '状态'

内联编辑

内联编辑允许在父模型的编辑页面中编辑相关模型：

TabularInline

表格形式：

class CommentInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Comment
    extra = 1  # 额外空白行数
    readonly_fields = ['author', 'content', 'created']
    show_change_link = True  # 显示编辑链接


@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [CommentInline]

StackedInline

堆叠形式：

class CommentInline(admin.StackedInline):
    model = Comment
    extra = 0
    fields = ['author', 'content', 'active']
    verbose_name = '评论'
    verbose_name_plural = '评论列表'
    
    def has_add_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        """禁止添加"""
        return False
    
    def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        """禁止删除"""
        return False


@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    inlines = [CommentInline]

自定义操作

批量操作

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = ['make_published', 'make_draft', 'export_as_csv']
    
    def make_published(self, request, queryset):
        """批量发布"""
        count = queryset.update(status='published')
        self.message_user(request, f'成功发布 {count} 篇文章')
    make_published.short_description = '发布所选文章'
    
    def make_draft(self, request, queryset):
        """批量设为草稿"""
        count = queryset.update(status='draft')
        self.message_user(request, f'成功将 {count} 篇文章设为草稿')
    make_draft.short_description = '设为草稿'
    
    def export_as_csv(self, request, queryset):
        """导出为 CSV"""
        import csv
        from django.http import HttpResponse
        
        response = HttpResponse(content_type='text/csv')
        response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="posts.csv"'
        
        writer = csv.writer(response)
        writer.writerow(['标题', '作者', '状态', '发布时间'])
        
        for post in queryset:
            writer.writerow([
                post.title,
                post.author.username,
                post.get_status_display(),
                post.publish.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M'),
            ])
        
        return response
    export_as_csv.short_description = '导出为 CSV'

自定义操作页面

from django.contrib import admin
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect


@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    actions = ['change_status']
    
    def change_status(self, request, queryset):
        """自定义操作页面"""
        if 'apply' in request.POST:
            status = request.POST.get('status')
            count = queryset.update(status=status)
            self.message_user(request, f'成功更新 {count} 篇文章状态')
            return HttpResponseRedirect(request.get_full_path())
        
        return render(request, 'admin/change_status.html', {
            'posts': queryset,
            'status_choices': Post.STATUS_CHOICES,
        })
    change_status.short_description = '更改文章状态'

自定义管理界面

自定义管理模板

在 templates/admin/ 目录下创建自定义模板：

templates/
└── admin/
    ├── base_site.html       # 覆盖基础模板
    ├── index.html           # 首页
    ├── change_list.html     # 列表页
    └── change_form.html     # 编辑页

自定义站点标题：

<!-- templates/admin/base_site.html -->
{% extends "admin/base_site.html" %}

{% block title %}{{ title }} | 我的网站管理{% endblock %}

{% block branding %}
<h1 id="site-name">
    <a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">我的网站管理后台</a>
</h1>
{% endblock %}

自定义 CSS 和 JS

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    class Media:
        css = {
            'all': ('css/admin/custom.css',)
        }
        js = ('js/admin/custom.js',)

自定义站点

# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin


class MyAdminSite(admin.AdminSite):
    site_header = '我的网站管理'
    site_title = '网站管理'
    index_title = '欢迎来到管理后台'
    site_url = '/blog/'


my_admin_site = MyAdminSite(name='myadmin')


# urls.py
from django.urls import path
from myapp.admin import my_admin_site

urlpatterns = [
    path('myadmin/', my_admin_site.urls),
]

权限控制

基于模型的权限

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    # 查看权限
    def has_view_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        return True
    
    # 添加权限
    def has_add_permission(self, request):
        return request.user.is_staff
    
    # 修改权限
    def has_change_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        if obj is None:
            return True
        return obj.author == request.user or request.user.is_superuser
    
    # 删除权限
    def has_delete_permission(self, request, obj=None):
        if obj is None:
            return True
        return obj.author == request.user or request.user.is_superuser
    
    # 模块权限
    def has_module_permission(self, request):
        return request.user.is_staff

限制数据访问

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        """只显示用户自己的文章"""
        qs = super().get_queryset(request)
        if request.user.is_superuser:
            return qs
        return qs.filter(author=request.user)
    
    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
        """自动设置作者"""
        if not change:
            obj.author = request.user
        super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)
    
    def get_form(self, request, obj=None, **kwargs):
        """根据用户权限修改表单"""
        form = super().get_form(request, obj, **kwargs)
        if not request.user.is_superuser:
            form.base_fields['author'].disabled = True
        return form

第三方扩展

django-ckeditor

富文本编辑器：

pip install django-ckeditor

# settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    # ...
    'ckeditor',
]

# models.py
from ckeditor.fields import RichTextField

class Post(models.Model):
    content = RichTextField()

# admin.py
from ckeditor.widgets import CKEditorWidget

class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    formfield_overrides = {
        models.TextField: {'widget': CKEditorWidget},
    }

django-import-export

数据导入导出：

pip install django-import-export

# admin.py
from import_export.admin import ImportExportModelAdmin
from import_export import resources


class PostResource(resources.ModelResource):
    class Meta:
        model = Post
        fields = ['id', 'title', 'author__username', 'status', 'publish']


@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(ImportExportModelAdmin):
    resource_class = PostResource
    list_display = ['title', 'author', 'status', 'publish']

django-simple-history

记录数据变更历史：

pip install django-simple-history

# models.py
from simple_history.models import HistoricalRecords

class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    history = HistoricalRecords()

# admin.py
from simple_history.admin import SimpleHistoryAdmin

@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(SimpleHistoryAdmin):
    list_display = ['title', 'status']
    history_list_display = ['status']

完整示例

# admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from django.utils.html import format_html
from django.urls import reverse
from .models import Post, Category, Tag, Comment


class CommentInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Comment
    extra = 0
    readonly_fields = ['author', 'content', 'created']
    show_change_link = True


@admin.register(Category)
class CategoryAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['name', 'slug', 'post_count']
    prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('name',)}
    search_fields = ['name']
    
    def post_count(self, obj):
        return obj.posts.count()
    post_count.short_description = '文章数量'


@admin.register(Tag)
class TagAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['name', 'slug']
    prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('name',)}
    search_fields = ['name']


@admin.register(Post)
class PostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = [
        'title', 'author_link', 'category_link', 
        'status_badge', 'publish', 'view_count'
    ]
    list_filter = ['status', 'category', 'author', 'publish']
    search_fields = ['title', 'content', 'author__username']
    date_hierarchy = 'publish'
    ordering = ['-publish']
    list_per_page = 20
    
    fieldsets = (
        ('文章内容', {
            'fields': ('title', 'slug', 'content', 'featured_image')
        }),
        ('分类与标签', {
            'fields': ('category', 'tags'),
            'classes': ('collapse',),
        }),
        ('发布设置', {
            'fields': ('status', 'author'),
        }),
    )
    
    readonly_fields = ['views', 'publish', 'created', 'updated']
    prepopulated_fields = {'slug': ('title',)}
    filter_horizontal = ['tags']
    inlines = [CommentInline]
    
    actions = ['make_published', 'make_draft']
    
    def author_link(self, obj):
        url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=[obj.author.pk])
        return format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', url, obj.author.username)
    author_link.short_description = '作者'
    author_link.admin_order_field = 'author__username'
    
    def category_link(self, obj):
        if obj.category:
            url = reverse('admin:blog_category_change', args=[obj.category.pk])
            return format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', url, obj.category.name)
        return '-'
    category_link.short_description = '分类'
    
    def status_badge(self, obj):
        colors = {'draft': 'secondary', 'published': 'success'}
        return format_html(
            '<span class="badge bg-{}">{}</span>',
            colors.get(obj.status, 'secondary'),
            obj.get_status_display()
        )
    status_badge.short_description = '状态'
    status_badge.admin_order_field = 'status'
    
    def view_count(self, obj):
        return format_html('{} 次', obj.views)
    view_count.short_description = '阅读量'
    view_count.admin_order_field = 'views'
    
    def make_published(self, request, queryset):
        count = queryset.update(status='published')
        self.message_user(request, f'成功发布 {count} 篇文章')
    make_published.short_description = '发布所选文章'
    
    def make_draft(self, request, queryset):
        count = queryset.update(status='draft')
        self.message_user(request, f'成功将 {count} 篇文章设为草稿')
    make_draft.short_description = '设为草稿'
    
    def get_queryset(self, request):
        return super().get_queryset(request).select_related('author', 'category')
    
    def save_model(self, request, obj, form, change):
        if not change:
            obj.author = request.user
        super().save_model(request, obj, form, change)


@admin.register(Comment)
class CommentAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    list_display = ['author', 'post_link', 'content_preview', 'active', 'created']
    list_filter = ['active', 'created']
    search_fields = ['author__username', 'content', 'post__title']
    actions = ['approve_comments', 'disapprove_comments']
    
    def post_link(self, obj):
        url = reverse('admin:blog_post_change', args=[obj.post.pk])
        return format_html('<a href="{}">{}</a>', url, obj.post.title)
    post_link.short_description = '文章'
    
    def content_preview(self, obj):
        return obj.content[:50] + '...' if len(obj.content) > 50 else obj.content
    content_preview.short_description = '内容'
    
    def approve_comments(self, request, queryset):
        count = queryset.update(active=True)
        self.message_user(request, f'成功批准 {count} 条评论')
    approve_comments.short_description = '批准所选评论'
    
    def disapprove_comments(self, request, queryset):
        count = queryset.update(active=False)
        self.message_user(request, f'成功拒绝 {count} 条评论')
    disapprove_comments.short_description = '拒绝所选评论'