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部署

本章节介绍 Express.js 应用的部署方法和生产环境配置。

生产环境配置​

环境变量​

NODE_ENV=production
PORT=3000
MONGODB_URI=mongodb://localhost:27017/myapp
JWT_SECRET=your-secret-key

生产配置​

const express = require('express');
const helmet = require('helmet');
const compression = require('compression');
const rateLimit = require('express-rate-limit');

const app = express();

app.set('trust proxy', 1);

app.use(helmet());
app.use(compression());
app.use(express.json({ limit: '10kb' }));

const limiter = rateLimit({
  windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000,
  max: 100
});
app.use('/api', limiter);

PM2 部署​

安装 PM2​

npm install -g pm2

PM2 配置​

ecosystem.config.js:

module.exports = {
  apps: [{
    name: 'express-app',
    script: './src/app.js',
    instances: 'max',
    exec_mode: 'cluster',
    autorestart: true,
    watch: false,
    max_memory_restart: '1G',
    env: {
      NODE_ENV: 'development',
      PORT: 3000
    },
    env_production: {
      NODE_ENV: 'production',
      PORT: 3000
    }
  }]
};

PM2 命令​

pm2 start ecosystem.config.js --env production
pm2 stop express-app
pm2 restart express-app
pm2 logs express-app
pm2 monit
pm2 save
pm2 startup

Docker 部署​

Dockerfile​

FROM node:18-alpine

WORKDIR /app

COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production

COPY . .

EXPOSE 3000

USER node

CMD ["node", "src/app.js"]

Docker Compose​

docker-compose.yml:

version: '3.8'

services:
  app:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
      - MONGODB_URI=mongodb://mongo:27017/myapp
      - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
    depends_on:
      - mongo
      - redis
    restart: always

  mongo:
    image: mongo:6
    volumes:
      - mongo_data:/data/db
    restart: always

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    volumes:
      - redis_data:/data
    restart: always

  nginx:
    image: nginx:alpine
    ports:
      - "80:80"
      - "443:443"
    volumes:
      - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
      - ./ssl:/etc/nginx/ssl
    depends_on:
      - app
    restart: always

volumes:
  mongo_data:
  redis_data:

Docker 命令​

docker build -t express-app .
docker run -p 3000:3000 express-app

docker-compose up -d
docker-compose logs -f
docker-compose down

Nginx 反向代理​

Nginx 配置​

nginx.conf:

upstream express_app {
    server app:3000;
    keepalive 64;
}

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name example.com;
    return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen 443 ssl http2;
    server_name example.com;

    ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/cert.pem;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/key.pem;

    ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
    ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://express_app;
        proxy_http_version 1.1;
        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
        proxy_set_header Connection 'upgrade';
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_cache_bypass $http_upgrade;
    }

    location /static {
        alias /app/public;
        expires 1y;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
}

云平台部署​

Heroku​

heroku create my-express-app
heroku config:set MONGODB_URI=your-mongodb-uri
heroku config:set JWT_SECRET=your-secret
git push heroku main

Vercel​

vercel.json:

{
  "version": 2,
  "builds": [
    {
      "src": "src/app.js",
      "use": "@vercel/node"
    }
  ],
  "routes": [
    {
      "src": "/(.*)",
      "dest": "src/app.js"
    }
  ]
}

Railway​

railway init
railway run node src/app.js
railway up

监控与日志​

日志中间件​

const morgan = require('morgan');
const fs = require('fs');
const path = require('path');

const accessLogStream = fs.createWriteStream(
  path.join(__dirname, 'access.log'),
  { flags: 'a' }
);

app.use(morgan('combined', { stream: accessLogStream }));

健康检查​

app.get('/health', (req, res) => {
  const health = {
    uptime: process.uptime(),
    timestamp: Date.now(),
    status: 'healthy'
  };
  res.json(health);
});

进程监控​

process.on('uncaughtException', (err) => {
  console.error('Uncaught Exception:', err);
  process.exit(1);
});

process.on('unhandledRejection', (reason, promise) => {
  console.error('Unhandled Rejection:', reason);
  process.exit(1);
});

性能优化​

  1. 启用 Gzip 压缩：使用 compression 中间件
  2. 静态文件缓存：设置合适的缓存头
  3. 数据库连接池：优化数据库连接
  4. 集群模式：利用多核 CPU
  5. CDN 加速：静态资源使用 CDN